- 71
Buste, Lumbu, Gabon
Description
- Wood, pigments, metal and glass
- haut. 56 cm ; 22 in
Provenance
Literature
Grand-Dufay, Les Lumbu. Un art sacré. Bungeelëyibayisi, 2016, p. 144, 146 et 147, n° 94-95
Catalogue Note
La main droite, colorée en bleu, montre de l’index le reliquaire ventral (dont le miroir se distingue sous les pigments qui le recouvrent), « la force agissante » et l’énergie vitale. Peint du rouge de padouk et du kaolin, il sert de support matériel aux liens unissant les mondes visib♛les et invisibles. La main gauche, aujourd’hui manquante, devait toucher le ꦫreliquaire. Au bas du buste, de la résine d’okoumé et un fragment de miroir témoignent de la présence d’une seconde charge, aujourd’hui disparue.
Cette effigie de reliquaire mbumba (« arc en ciel ») s’inscrit au cœur du Bouiti - culte public rendu aux ancêtres. Elꦚle représente l’ancêtre fondatrice du clan, gardienne des reliques des défunts contenus dans un panier ou un sac en peau dans l✅equel elle était autrefois fichée.
Appartenant au nganga (spécialiste rituel), elle agissait en tant que médiateur et le miroir obstruant la charge magico-religieuse lui permettait de sonder l’invisible et de déceler la vérité. Si la tradition des figures de reliquaire est répandue dans toute l’Afrique équatoriale (des Ambété aux Fang, Tsogho, Kota et Obamba), celles des Lumbu sont extrêmement rares dans les collections, la plupart ayant été, selon la tradition, enterrées à la mort de leur détenteur. Parmi les autres témoins illustres figurent le buste du musée du quai Branly-Jacques Chirac (inv. 71.1943.0.433XAf), et celui de la collection d’Hubert Goldet (Paris, 30 juin et 1er juillet 2001, n° 269).
Mise à l’honneur sur la couverture du magazine Tribal Art (Automne 2015) et dans Les Lumbu un art sacré (Grand-Dufay, 2016, p. 145-147) cette œuvꦿre remarquable, peinte aux couleurs « chargées de beauté et de philosophie », appartient à une tradition religieuse exceptionnellement riche, puisant sa source dans le royaume de Kongo. Les nuances des teintes et leurs couches successives attestent de son usage prolongé.
Commentaire par Charlotte Grand-Dufay
This mbumba torso, a major piece of the Lumbo corpus, is a majestic illustration of the confluence of two institutions essential to the Kongo civilisations: the cult of ancestors and the matriarchal foundations of power. Sovereign beauty is exalted in its form as an idealised young woman, and the figure’s power as an intermediary is evident in the invisible world through the eyes inset with glass, and the dynamic lines of the body converge at the reliquary beneath the breast. The beauty ideal is embodied both in the juvenile bust and in the extreme delicacy of the features forming a "heart-shaped" face, the intensity of its expression rendered in the pointed pupils and the mouth with parted lips. These elements are compounded by the refinement of the adornments: a complex coiffure with an axial parting, forming four bunches with their rounded tips resting high on the nape of the neck, and gold earrings with a repoussé décor. The exceptional polychromy stands out both as a sign of beauty and as a symbol of vitality: a coiffure coloured with sacred dye, the Guimet blue, a face whitened with Kaolin adorned with the traditional red triangle - Man's insignia - which can be found on certain Myene masks of the Galwa (Lambarene), tears in a light pati♊na, which taper obliquely from the corner of the 🐲lower lids, and a red band travelling from the chin to halfway down the neck, a feature on certain reliquary figures.
The right hand, coloured blue, points its index finger towards the ventral reliquary, "the driving force" and vital energy. Painted with padauk red and kaolin, it is used as a 🅘physical vector for the ties that bind the visible and the invisible world. The left hand, now missing, probably touched the reliquary, the mirror of which is now also missing. Similarly, on the lower part of the bust, traces of okume resin and a mirror fragment indicate the presence of a s🉐econd load, which was removed when the object was deconsecrated.
This mbumba reliquary effigy is part of the Bouiti - a public cult devoted tꦜo ancestors. It figures the founding ancestor of the clan, who acted as the guardian🥀 of the remains of the deceased kept in a basket or in a bag made from animal hide, where it was once affixed.
A possession of the nganga (ritual specialist) it acted as a mediator, and the mirror obstructing the magic-religious charge allowed it to probe the invisible and to unveil the truth. Although the tradition of reliquary figures is widespread throughout Equatorial Africa (from the Ambete to the Fang, the Tsogho, the Kota and the Obamba people), Lumbu figures are extremely rare in collections, most of them being traditionally buried upon the death of their owner. Other illustrious examples include the bust of the musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac (inv. 71.1943.0.433XAf), and that of the Hubert Goldet collection (Paris, 30 June and 1st July 2001, No. 269).
Featured on the cover of Tribal Art magazine (autumn 2015) and in Les Lumbu, un art sacré (Grand-Dufay, 2016, p. 145ꦛ-147) this remarkable piece, painted in colours "laden with beauty and philosophy", belongs to an exceptionally rich religious tradition, rooted deeply in the Kongo kingdom. The nuances in its colouring and their successive layers attest to its prolonged use.
Commentary by Charlotte Grand-Dufay
Lumbo torso, Gabon